As warm, moist, maritime air masses are advected north over the high Arctic pack ice, the air mass is transformed with fog and low-level mixed-phase clouds forming below a surface temperature inversion. The moist air, and the clouds forming, influence the surface energy fluxes and consequently the formation and melting of sea ice. Further cooling, formation of ice precipitation, and subsequent drying of the air eventually results in cloud dissipation and the boundary layer transforms into a clear state with strong surface radiative cooling. The processes of air mass transformation, cloud formation and cloud dissipation are challenging to represent in large-scale models, affecting our understanding of their sensitivity and contribution to climate warming. In addition, the persistence of mixed-phase clouds in the Arctic is unexpected since ice-liquid mixtures are inherently unstable. Precipitation quickly depletes the atmosphere of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and a continuous replenishment of aerosols appears necessary to maintain the cloud. However, in the high Arctic there are few obvious local aerosol sources. In this presentation I will show how large-eddy simulation (LES) can be used to obtain a more detailed understanding of the processes contributing to the formation, persistence and dissipation of Arctic mixed-phase clouds as well as the effect of the clouds on the underlying surface. In particular, I will show that the atmospheric moisture content is the key variable affecting the cloud life cycle, optical properties and surface warming. Furthermore, LES results confirm that small aerosols within the Aitken mode can act as CCN and maintain low-level mixed-phase clouds in the clean Arctic environment and that the free troposphere is an additional important source of aerosols to the high Arctic boundary layer.   Bio: Annica works as a professor at the Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University. I'm also an editor for the scientific journal Tellus B. My main research interests are clouds and aerosol particles (suspensions of nano- to micrometer sized particles in air) and the various ways aerosol particles can influence weather, circulation and climate. The impact of aerosol particles and clouds on the radiative balance of the Earth constitutes a major uncertainty in our understanding of present-day climate.

Emissions of ammonia in the UK, mostly from agriculture, are an increasingly important source of air pollution, specifically PM2.5. There are no direct controls on ammonia sources and emissions are challenging to quantify. In this presentation, I will talk about work conducted in my group to quantify UK ammonia emissions using satellite observations and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and to evaluate bottom-up estimates of ammonia emissions from the national emissions inventory. We find spatial consistency between top-down and bottom-up estimates, but the bottom-up inventory may underestimate emissions by ~40% and misses a seasonal summer peak in emissions in regions in the UK dominated by dairy cattle farming. This has implications for our ability to model PM2.5 and to constrain other PM2.5 precursor emissions due to the complex relationship between secondary inorganic aerosol components. Our results also suggest that the UK may be out of compliance with Gothenburg protocol ammonia emissions targets.   Bio: Eloise is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at UCL. She obtained her PhD from Daniel Jacob’s research group at Harvard on a Fulbright scholarship. She is a recipient of an ERC Starting grant to address uncertainties in chemistry in the upper troposphere using satellite observations, aircraft and the GEOS-Chem model. Eloise also leads the Atmospheric Composition and Air Quality research group at UCL that investigates the effects of humans on atmospheric composition at local, regional and global scales.